Kaymaklı Underground City

Historical backgroundKaymaklı was likely first excavated by the Hittites or Phrygians, later expanded by early Christians seeking refuge from Roman and Arab persecution. Over centuries, residents enlarged and adapted the tunnels, creating a self-sustaining underground settlement with living quarters, stables, and worship areas. Its use continued intermittently through Byzantine and Seljuk times.Architecture and layoutThe city’s multi-level design demonstrates advanced engineering. Narrow tunn...